Variants and subtypes

Variants are identified and also named according to the isolate potentially they are like and thus are presumed to share lineage (example Fujian influenza like); according to their standard host (example Human flu virus); according to their subtype (example H3N2); along with according to their deadliness (example LP, Low Pathogenic). So a virus from a virus similar to the identify A/Fujian/411/2002(H3N2) is called Fujian flu, human flu, and H3N2 flu.

Variants are occasionally named according to the species (web host) the strain is endemic throughout or adapted to. The principle variants named using this established practice are:

Bird flu

Individual flu

Swine flu

Horse influenza

Dog flu

Cat swine flu

Variants have also sometimes been recently named according to their deadliness in poultry, especially chickens:

Minimal Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI)

Highly Pathogenic Parrot Influenza (HPAI), also called: deadly winter flu or death flu

Most known strains are extinct strains. For example, the 12-monthly flu subtype H3N2 no longer contains the tension that caused the Hong Kong Virus.

Annual flu

Main article: Flu season

The once-a-year flu (also called “seasonal flu” or “human flu”) inside the U.S. “results in around 36,000 deaths and more than 200,000 hospitalizations each year. In addition human toll, influenza can be annually responsible for a total tariff of over $10 billion in the You.S.” .

The on a yearly basis updated trivalent influenza vaccine consists of hemagglutinin (Haya) surface glycoprotein components from influenza H3N2, H1N1, as well as B influenza viruses.

The dominant strain in Jan 2006 was H3N2. Measured resistance to the standard antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine with H3N2 has increased from 1% in 94′ to 12% in 2003 in order to 91% in 2005.

“[C]ontemporary human H3N2 influenza viruses are now endemic around pigs in southern China and can reassort with avian H5N1 viruses in this intermediate host.” Structure in addition to genetics

See also: H5N1 innate structure

“The physical structure of all influenza A viruses is similar. This virions or virus particles are enveloped and can be often spherical or filamentous in style. In clinical isolates that have gone through limited passages in eggs or tissue culture, there are other filamentous than spherical particles, whereas passaged laboratory strains consist generally of spherical virions.”

Your Influenza A virus genome is comprised on eight single (non-paired) RNA lengths that code for 14 proteins (HA, NA, NP, M1, M2, NS1, NEP, PA, PB1, PB1-F2, PB2). The whole genome size is 13,588 bases. A segmented nature of the genome allows for the particular exchange of entire genes between different viral variations during cellular cohabitation. The nine RNA segments are:

HA encodes hemagglutinin (pertaining to 500 molecules of hemagglutinin are required to make one virion) “The extent of infection into host affected individual is determined by HA. Influenza viruses bud from the apical surface regarding polarized epithelial cells (e.g. bronchial epithelial solar cells) into lumen of lungs and they are therefore usually pneumotropic. The reason is that Lol is cleaved by tryptase clara which is limited by lungs. However HAs regarding H5 and H7 pantropic avian viruses subtypes is often cleaved by furin and subtilisin-type enzymes, allowing for the virus to grow in alternative organs than lungs.In . NA encodes neuraminidase (about 100 molecules with neuraminidase are needed to make one virion).

NP encodes nucleoprotein.

M encodes two matrix proteins (the M1 as well as the M2) by using different reading support frames from the same RNA segment (pertaining to 3000 matrix protein molecules will be required to make one virion).

NS encodes two distinctive non-structural proteins (NS1 and NEP) by using distinct reading frames from the exact RNA segment.

PA encodes an RNA polymerase.

PB1 encodes a good RNA polymerase and PB1-F2 protein (induces apoptosis) through the use of different reading frames in the same RNA segment.

PB2 encodes an RNA polymerase.

The genome segments have common airport sequences, and the ends in the RNA strands are partially contributory, allowing them to bond to each other by hydrogen bonds. After transcription through negative-sense to positive-sense RNA the +RNA strands receive the cellular 5′ cap added by cap snatching, which involves a viral protein NS1 binding to the cellular pre-mRNAs. The cap might be cleaved from the cellular pre-mRNA using a minute viral protein, PB2. The quick oligo cap is then added to the influenza +RNA strands, allowing it is processing as messenger RNA by ribosomes. The actual +RNA strands also serve intended for synthesis of -RNA strands for brand new virions.

The RNA synthesis and its assemblage with the nucleoprotein takes place in the cell phone nucleus, the synthesis of proteins takes place in the cytoplasm. The set up virion cores leave the nucleus and move towards the cell membrane, using patches of viral transmembrane protein (hemagglutinin, neuraminidase and M2 proteins) and an underlying layer of the M1 protein, and bud through these patches, liberating finished enveloped viruses to the extracellular fluid.

In nonhumans

See H5N1 for your current epizootic (an epidemic around nonhumans) and panzootic (a disease affecting pets of many species especially more than a wide area) of H5N1 influenza

Avian influenza

Main write-up: Avian influenza

Wild chook act as natural asymptomatic carriers regarding Influenza A viruses. Prior to current H5N1 epizootic, strains of Flu A virus had been demonstrated to be sent from wild fowl to simply birds, pigs, horses, seals, sharks and humans; and only in between humans and pigs and concerning humans and domestic chicken; and not other pathways like domestic fowl to indy.

Wild aquatic birds will be the natural hosts for a big variety of influenza A trojans. Occasionally viruses are transmitted from these birds to other varieties and may then cause overwhelming outbreaks in domestic fowl or give rise to human influenza pandemics.

H5N1 has been shown to be fed to tigers, leopards, and domestic kittens and cats that were fed uncooked household fowl (chickens) with the pathogen. H3N8 viruses from horses include crossed over and caused outbreaks in dogs. Research laboratory mice have been infected efficiently with a variety of avian winter flu genotypes.

Influenza A viruses spread in the air and in manure in addition to survives longer in cold temperatures. It can also be transmitted by polluted feed, water, equipment along with clothing; however, there is no proof that the virus can make it in well-cooked meat. Symptoms within animals vary, but virulent strains can cause death inside a few days.

“Highly pathogenic avian influenza malware is on every top ten list available for potential farming bioweapon agents”.

Avian influenza viruses how the OIE and others test for as a way to control poultry disease incorporate: H5N1, H7N2, H1N7, H7N3, H13N6, H5N9, H11N6, H3N8, H9N2, H5N2, H4N8, H10N7, H2N2, H8N4, H14N5, H6N5, H12N5 and others.

Known outbreaks connected with highly pathogenic flu in egypr 1959-2003

Year

Area

Affected

Subtype

1959

Scotland

hen

H5N1

1963

England

turkey

H7N3

1966

Ontario (Canada)

turkey

H5N9

1976

Victoria (Australia)

hen

H7N7

1979

Germany

chicken

H7N7

1979

England

turkey

H7N7

1983

Pennsylvania (United states)*

chicken, turkey

H5N2

1983

Eire

turkey

H5N8

1985

Victoria (Australia)

chicken

H7N7

1991

England

turkey

H5N1

1992

Victoria (Quotes)

chicken

H7N3

1994

Queensland (Sydney)

chicken

H7N3

1994

Mexico*

chicken

H5N2

1994

Pakistan*

chicken

H7N3

1997

New South Wales (Questionnaire)

chicken

H7N4

1997

Hong Kong (China)*

chicken

H5N1

1997

Italy

fowl

H5N2

1999

Italy*

turkey

H7N1

2002

Hong Kong (China)

chicken

H5N1

2002

Chile

chicken

H7N3

2002

Netherlands*

chicken

H7N7

*Outbreaks with significant spread to numerous farms, resulting in fantastic economic losses. Most other outbreaks involved little or no spread in the initially infected farms.

1979: “More than 400 harbor notary seals, most of them immature, died along the New England coast between December 1979 and October 1980 associated with acute pneumonia associated with influenza virus, A/Seal/Mass/1/180 (H7N7).” 1995: “[V]accinated birds can produce asymptomatic infections that allow virus in order to spread, mutate, and recombine (ProMED-mail, 2004j). Intensive undercover is required to detect these ilent outbreaks in time to curtail them. In Mexico, for example, bulk vaccination of chickens against outbreak H5N2 influenza in 1995 has already established to continue in order to control any persistent and evolving trojan (Lee et al., 2004).In 1997: “Influenza A viruses commonly seen in one species in some cases can cross over and lead to illness in another type. For example, until 1997, simply H1N1 viruses circulated widely inside U.S. pig population. However, in 1997, H3N2 malware from humans were unveiled into the pig population and caused widespread disease amongst pigs. Most recently, H3N8 viruses from horse have crossed over and caused outbreaks in most dogs.” 2000: “In California, poultry producers kept their understanding of a recent H6N2 avian influenza break out to themselves due to their fear of consumer rejection of poultry solutions; meanwhile, the disease spread round the western United States and has given that become endemic.” 2004: In Netherlands H7N7 influenza trojan infection broke out in hen on several farms.

2008: In North America, the presence of avian influenza strain H7N3 was validated at several poultry farms around British Columbia in February 2008. As of April 2004, 16 farms had been quarantined to halt the spread of the virus.

2005: Millions of birds died of H5N1 influenza and hundreds of millions of birds were culled to protect humans coming from H5N1. H5N1 is endemic in birds in southeast Asia and represents a long term pandemic threat.

’06: H5N1 spreads across the globe killing vast sums of birds and over A hundred people causing a significant H5N1 result from both actual fatalities and predicted possible fatalities.

Swine flu

Main article: The swine flu virus

Swine flu (or “pig influenza”) refers to a new subset of Orthomyxoviridae that create flu in pigs and are endemic inside pigs. The species of Orthomyxoviridae that can cause flu virus in pigs are Influenza The herpes simplex virus and Influenza C trojan but not all genotypes of these two species infect pigs. The acknowledged subtypes of Influenza A virus that induce influenza in pigs and are native to the island in pigs are H1N1, H1N2, H3N1 and H3N2.

Horse flu

Main article: Indy flu

Horse flu (or perhaps “Equine influenza”) refers to varieties of Influenza The herpes virus that affect horses. Horse ‘flu infections were only isolated inside 1956. There are two main types of virus called equine-1 (H7N7) which often affects horse heart muscle and equine-2 (H3N8) which is usually more serious.

Dog flu

Main report: Dog flu

Dog swine flu (or “canine influenza”) refers to varieties of Influenza A virus that affect dogs. Your equine influenza virus H3N8 is discovered to infect and kill greyhound race dogs that had died originating from a respiratory illness at a California racetrack in January 04.

H3N8

Main article: H3N8

H3N8 is now endemic in birds, horses plus dogs.

Human influenza computer virus

Japanese commuter wearing a breathing apparatus.

“Human influenza virus” usually refers to all those subtypes that spread widely amongst humans. H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 are the only known Influenza A virus subtypes currently circulating among humans.

Genetics in distinguishing between “human flu virus viruses” and “avian influenza viruses” include:

PB2: (RNA polymerase): Amino acid (or residue) position 627 inside PB2 protein encoded by the PB2 RNA gene. Until eventually H5N1, all known avian flu viruses had a Glu at place 627, while all human flu viruses had a lysine.

‘: (hemagglutinin): Avian influenza HA bind alpha 2-3 sialic acid receptors while human influenza HA bind leader 2-6 sialic acid receptors. Swine influenza viruses have the capacity to bind both types of sialic acid solution receptors.

“About 52 key genetic alterations distinguish avian influenza stresses from those that spread conveniently among people, according to scientists in Taiwan, who analyzed this genes of more than 400 A sort flu viruses.” “How a lot of mutations would make an parrot virus capable of infecting humans proficiently, or how many mutations would render an influenza computer virus a pandemic strain, is actually difficult to predict. We have examined series from the 1918 strain, which is the simply pandemic influenza virus that could be entirely derived from avian ranges. Of the 52 species-associated positions, 07 have residues typical regarding human strains; the others remained as avian signatures. The result supports the speculation that the 1918 pandemic virus is a lot more closely related to the parrot influenza A virus than is also another human influenza viruses.In .

Human flu symptoms typically include fever, cough, a sore throat, muscle aches, conjunctivitis and, throughout severe cases, severe breathing problems and pneumonia that may be fatal. The severity of the infection will depend to a large part on the state of the attacked person’s immune system and if the victim has been exposed to the stress before, and is therefore partially immune.

Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in a human is far a whole lot worse, killing 50% of humans in which catch it. In one circumstance, a boy with H5N1 expert diarrhea followed rapidly using a coma without developing respiratory or maybe flu-like symptoms.

The Influenza The herpes virus subtypes that have been confirmed in human beings, ordered by the number of known human pandemic deaths, usually are:

H1N1 caused “Spanish Flu” and the 2009 the swine flu virus outbreak

H2N2 caused “Asian Flu” in the missed 1950s

H3N2 caused “Hong Kong Flu” in the late 1960s

H5N1 considered a global influenza pandemic threat through its spread in the mid-2000s

H7N7 has strange zoonotic potential

H1N2 is currently endemic within humans and pigs

H9N2, H7N2, H7N3, H5N2, H10N7.

H1N1

Main post: H1N1

H1N1 is currently pandemic in both our and pig populations. The variant of H1N1 was to blame for the Spanish flu pandemic that killed some 40 million to 100 , 000, 000 people worldwide over with regards to a year in 1918 and 1919. One more variant was named a new pandemic threat in the 2010 swine flu outbreak. Controversy arose in October, 2005, after the H1N1 genome was published in the newspaper, Science, because of fears until this information could be used for bioterrorism.

H2N2

Major article: H2N2

The Asian Flu virus was a pandemic outbreak associated with H2N2 avian influenza that started in China in 1957, multiply worldwide that same season during which a influenza vaccine was developed, lasted until 1958 and brought on between one and three million deaths.

H3N2

Main post: H3N2

H3N2 is currently endemic in both human and pig populations. That evolved from H2N2 by antigenic shift plus caused the Hong Kong Flu outbreak of 1968 and 1969 that mortally wounded up to 750,000. “An early-onset, intense form of influenza A H3N2 created headlines when it claimed the actual lives of several children in the usa in late 2003.” The actual dominant strain of annual flu in January 2005 is H3N2. Measured resistance to the typical antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine in H3N2 has grown from 1% in 1994 so that you can 12% in 2003 to 91% within 2005.

“[C]ontemporary human H3N2 influenza germs are now endemic in pigs with southern China and can reassort using avian H5N1 viruses in this intermediate host.” H5N1

Main write-up: H5N1

H5N1 is the world’s major flu pandemic threat.

“When he in contrast the 1918 virus with current human flu viruses, Physician. Taubenberger noticed that it had alterations in just 25 to 35 of the virus’s 4,400 proteins. Those few changes switched a bird virus to a killer that could spread from person to person.” H7N7

Main article: H7N7

H7N7 has unusual zoonotic potential. In The year 2003 in Netherlands 89 everyone was confirmed to have H7N7 influenza computer virus infection following an outbreak inside poultry on several facilities. One death was registered.

H1N2

Main article: H1N2

H1N2 is currently endemic in both human and pig populations. The new H1N2 strain usually have resulted from the reassortment from the genes of the currently distributed influenza H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes. The hemagglutinin protein of the H1N2 virus is similar to that regarding the currently circulating H1N1 infections and the neuraminidase protein is similar to that of the current H3N2 viruses.

H9N2

Main post: H9N2

Low pathogenic avian influenza Some sort of (H9N2) infection was confirmed throughout 1999, in China as well as Hong Kong in two children, and in The year 2003 in Hong Kong in one child. All three fully recovered.

H7N2

Main post: H7N2

One person in New York within 2003 and one person in Va in 2002 were found to possess serologic evidence of infection with H7N2. Equally fully recovered.

H7N3

Main write-up: H7N3

In North America, the presence of avian influenza strain H7N3 was established at several poultry farms around British Columbia in February 2005. As of April 2004, 18 farms had been quarantined to halt multiplication of the virus. Two cases of humans with avian influenza have been confirmed for the reason that region. “Symptoms included conjunctivitis and gentle influenza-like illness.” Both totally recovered.

H5N2

Main article: H5N2

Japan’s Wellness Ministry said Jan, 2006 of which poultry farm workers inside Ibaraki prefecture may have been exposed to H5N2 in August 2005. The H5N2 antibody titers of paired sera connected with 13 subjects increased fourfold or maybe more.

H10N7

Main article: H10N7

In ’04 in Egypt H10N7 was described for the first time in humans. Them caused illness in two children in Egypt. One baby father is a poultry merchant.

Evolution

See also: Punctuated stability

Taubenberger says:

“All influenza A epidemics since [the Spanish flu pandemic], and even almost all cases of flu A worldwide (excepting human infections through avian viruses such as H5N1 along with H7N7), have been caused by descendants of the 1918 virus, including “drifted” H1N1 viruses and reassorted H2N2 as well as H3N2 viruses. The latter are composed of key genes from the 1918 pathogen, updated by subsequently incorporated avian influenza genes this code for novel work surface proteins, making the 1918 pathogen indeed the “mother” of all epidemics.

Researchers from the National Organizations of Health used details from the Influenza Genome Sequencing Project along with concluded that during the ten-year period analyzed most of the time the hemagglutinin gene in H3N2 showed no significant excess of mutations in the antigenic regions while a growing variety of strains accumulated. That resulted in one of the variants at some point achieving higher fitness, getting dominant, and in a brief period of time of rapid evolution quickly sweeping through the population plus eliminating most other variants.

Observe also

Animal virology

ACAM-FLU-A

Notes

^ “Avian influenza (” bird flu”) – Fact sheet”. WHO. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/avian_influenza/en/. 

^ a t Klenk et al. (2008). “Avian Influenza: Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Host Range”. Dog Viruses: Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Click. ISBN 978-1-904455-22-6. http://www.horizonpress.com/avir. 

^ a b Kawaoka Y (editor). (2006). Influenza Virology: Current Matters. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-06-6 . http://www.horizonpress.com/flu. 

^ CIDRAP – Center for Infectious Disease Research And Policy Pandemic Flu Overview

^ whitehouse.gov National Strategy for Outbreak Influenza – Introduction – “Although remarkable advances have been produced in science and medicine costs century, we are constantly reminded that we live in a arena of microbes – viruses, bacteria, protozoa and fungi which can be forever changing and adjusting themselves to the human sponsor and the defenses that mankind create. Influenza viruses are usually notable for their resilience and adaptability. While science has been able to develop highly effective vaccines and treatments for many infectious health conditions that threaten public well being, acquiring these tools is an constant challenge with the influenza disease. Changes in the genetic makeup products of the virus require us to develop new vaccines with an annual basis and foresee which strains are likely to most important. As a result, and despite once-a-year vaccinations, the U.S. faces a burden of influenza that results in approximately Thirty-six,000 deaths and more than 250,000 hospitalizations each year. In addition to this individual toll, influenza is every year responsible for a total cost of over $10 billion in the U.Utes. A pandemic, or worldwide outbreak of a new influenza virus, could dwarf this influence by overwhelming our health plus medical capabilities, potentially resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths, a lot of hospitalizations, and hundreds of billions of cash in direct and indirect costs. This course will guide our preparedness and response activities to mitigate that impact.”

^ Daum LT, Shaw MW, Klimov AI, et al. (August 2005). “Influenza A (H3N2) outbreak, Nepal”. Emerging Infect. Dis. Eleven (8): 118691. PMID 16102305. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol11no08/05-0302.htm. 

“The 20032004 influenza time was severe in terms of the impact on illness because of prevalent circulation of antigenically distinct influenza A (H3N2) Fujian-like viruses. These worms first appeared late over the 20022003 influenza season and ongoing to persist as the predominant circulating strain throughout the next 20032004 influenza season, replacing the particular A/Panama/2007/99-like H3N2 viruses (1). Of the 172 H3N2 viruses genetically characterized by the Department of Defense in 20032004, only 1 separate (from Thailand) belonged to the A/Panama-like lineage. Throughout February 2003, the World Overall health Organization (WHO) changed your H3N2 component for the 20042005 influenza vaccine to afford protection against the widespread appearance of Fujian-like viruses (2). The actual annually updated trivalent vaccine consists of hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein components from influenza H3N2, H1N1, and B viruses.”

^ the b Mahmoud, Adel A. F; Initiate of Medicine; Knobler, Stacey; Mack, Alison (2005). The menace of pandemic influenza: are we ready?: workshop summary. Buenos aires, D.C: National Academies Press. pp. 126. ISBN 0-309-09504-2. http://www.nap.edu/books/0309095042/html/126.html. “H5N1 disease is now endemic in bulgaria in Asia (Table 2-1) and has gained an entrenched environmentally friendly niche from which to present a long-term pandemic threat to human beings. At present, these viruses are poorly transmitted from bulgaria to humans, and there is no certain evidence of human-to-human transmission. However, continued, extensive exposure of the adult population to H5N1 viruses increases the chances that the viruses will discover the necessary characteristics for productive human-to-human transmission through genetic mutation or reassortment with a prevailing human influenza A virus. Furthermore, contemporary people H3N2 influenza viruses are now native to the island in pigs in southern Cina (Peiris et al., 2001) and can reassort by using avian H5N1 viruses in this ‘intermediate coordinator.’ Therefore, it is vital that outbreaks of H5N1 ailment in poultry in Asia are rapidly and self-sufficiently controlled. The seasonality of the disease in poultry, together with the handle measures already implemented, will probably reduce temporarily the frequency involving H5N1 influenza outbreaks and the possibility of human infection.” 

^ Clinical Companies Journal article Avian flu issues analysed published March 2008

^ MicrobiologyBytes: Virology: Orthomyxoviruses

^ UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entry P09345 Complete sequence of your cDNA clone of the hemagglutinin gene of flu A/Chicken/Scotland/59 (H5N1) virus: comparison with fashionable North American and European strains.

^ Mahmoud, Adel A. F (2005) w 30

^ Mahmoud, Adel A. F (2006) p 82

“Interestingly, recombinant influenza worms containing the 1918 HA and NA and up to three additional body’s genes derived from the 1918 virus (other genes being derived from your A/WSN/33 virus) were all highly virulent in mice (Tumpey et al., 2008). Furthermore, expression microarray analysis carried out on whole lung tissue connected with mice infected with the 1918 HA/ NA recombinant demonstrated increased upregulation of genes associated with apoptosis, tissue injury, and oxidative damage (Kash et al., 2004). These findings had been unusual because the viruses using the 1918 genes had not been adapted for you to mice. The completion of the sequence of the entire genome of the 1918 computer virus and the reconstruction and depiction of viruses with 1918 body’s genes under appropriate biosafety conditions can shed more light in these findings and should allow a definitive examination of this explanation. Antigenic analysis of recombinant viruses holding the 1918 HA and NA by way of hemagglutination inhibition tests using uncover and chicken antisera suggested an in depth relationship with the A/swine/Iowa/30 virus as well as H1N1 viruses isolated in the Nineteen thirties (Tumpey et al., 2004), further encouraging data of Shope from the 1930s (Shope, 1936). Interestingly, when mice have been immunized with different H1N1 virus strains, obstacle studies using the 1918-like viruses exposed partial protection by this therapy, suggesting that current vaccination practices are adequate against a 1918-like virus (Tumpey et al., 2004).Inch

^ Mahmoud, Adel A. F (2005) g 285

“As of October 2001, the opportunity for use of infectious agents, like anthrax, as weapons has been tightly established. It has been suggested in which attacks on a nation farming might be a preferred form of terrorism as well as economic disruption that would not have the attendant stigma involving infecting and causing disease within humans. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is on each and every top ten list available for possibilities agricultural bioweapon agents, generally right after foot and mouth disease virus and Newcastle disease pathogen at or near the top of this list. Rapid detection techniques for bioweapon providers are a critical need for the first-responder area, on a par with vaccine plus antiviral development in preventing spread with disease.”

^ “Avian influenza A(H5N1)- update 31: Situation (poultry) in Asia: need for a long-term response, comparison using previous outbreaks”. Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response (EPR). That. 2004. http://www.who.int/csr/don/2004_03_02/en/. 

Known outbreaks of highly pathogenic flu with poultry 1959-2003.

^ NCBI – NLM – NIH Nationwide Center for Biotechnology Data (part of) U.S. Nation’s Library of Medicine (part of) Country wide Institutes of Health (section of) US Government – Technology. 1982 Feb 26;Two hundred and fifteen(4536):1129-31. – Mass mortality with harbor seals: pneumonia associated with flu A virus. – “More than 4 hundred harbor seals, most of them immature, died along the New England shoreline between December 1979 and October 1980 of acute pneumonia regarding influenza virus, A/Seal/Mass/1/180 (H7N7). The virus features avian characteristics, replicates mainly in mammals, and causes light respiratory disease in experimentally inflammed seals. Concurrent infection which has a previously undescribed mycoplasma or adverse environmentally friendly conditions may have triggered the particular epizootic. The similarities between this epizootic and other seal mortalities in the past advise that these events may be attached by common biological in addition to environmental factors.”

^ Mahmoud, Adel Your. F (2005) p 12-15

“Unlike most other affected countries, Philippines also instituted mass vaccination involving healthy domestic birds next to H5N1, followed by routine vaccination (China incorporates a similar policy; other Most of asia are considering it [ProMED-mail, 2004j]) (Soebandrio, 2004). This is usually a risky strategy, because vaccinated gulls can develop asymptomatic infections that allow malware to spread, mutate, and recombine (ProMED-mail, 2004j). Rigorous surveillance is required to detect these types of ilent epidemics in time to deal with them. In Mexico, by way of example, mass vaccination of chickens against epidemic H5N2 influenza in 1998 has had to continue in order to control a persistent and innovating virus (Lee et al., 2007).”

^ CDC Centers for Disease Control as well as Prevention – Transmission involving Influenza A Viruses Involving Animals and People

^ Mahmoud, Adel A. Y (2005) p 27

^ BBC Information Early bird flu warning for Dutch – Six November 2005

^ a t Tweed SA, Skowronski DM, David ST, et al. (12 , 2004). “Human illness from bird influenza H7N3, British Columbia”. Emerging Contaminate. Dis. 10 (12): 21969. PMID 15663860. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol10no12/04-0961.htm. 

^ Center for disease control Key Facts About Avian Flu (Bird Flu) and Bird Influenza A (H5N1) Virus

^ Bloomberg Media article Scientists Move Much better Understanding Flu Virus Evolution printed August 28, 2006

^ Chen GW, Chang SC, Mok CK, et al. (September 2008). “Genomic signatures of human versus avian influenza A viruses”. Emerging Taint. Dis. 12 (9): 135360. PMID 17073083. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no09/06-0276.htm. 

^ de Jong MD, Bach VC, Phan TQ, et al. (The month of february 2005). “Fatal avian influenza A (H5N1) in a child presenting with diarrhea followed by coma”. N. Engl. L. Med. 352 (7): 68691. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa044307. PMID 15716562. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/352/7/686. 

^ Mahmoud, Adel A. F (2005) p Six

^ Detailed chart of its progress here at PDF called Ecology along with Evolution of the Flu

^ Mahmoud, Adel The. F (2005) p 115

“There is particular pressure to understand and heed the lessons regarding past influenza pandemics while in the shadow of the worrisome 20032004 flu virus season. An early-onset, severe way of influenza A H3N2 made news headlines when it claimed the life of several children in the United States at the end of 2003. As a result, stronger than usual demand for annual flu inactivated vaccine outstripped a vaccine supply, of which 10 to 20 pct typically goes unused. For the reason that statistics on pediatric influenza deaths had not been collected in the past, it is unknown if the 20032004 season viewed a significant change in mortality designs.”

^ Reason New York Periods This Season’s Flu Virus Is Proof against 2 Standard Drugs By simply Altman Published: January 15, 2005

^ New York Times Published: Don’t forget national 8, 2005 – Risk in Hunt for New Swine flu: Looking for Bugs in All the Improper Places

^ a b Centers for disease control Avian Influenza Infection with Humans

^ CBS News write-up Dozens In Japan May Have Mild Bird Flu January 2006.

^ Ogata T, Yamazaki Y, Okabe M, Nakamura Y, Tashiro M, et al. (Come early july 2008). Human H5N2 Avian Flu Infection in Japan as well as Factors Associated with High H5N2-Neutralizing Antibody TiterJ Epidemiol Eighteen: 160-6.

^ niaid.nih.gov Timeline of Human Swine flu Pandemics

^ CDC Article 1918 Flu: the Mother of All Pandemics by simply Jeffery K. Taubenberger published January 2005

^ Science Daily article New Study Has Important Benefits For Flu Surveillance publicized October 27, 2006

Additionally reading

Official sources

More information: H5N1

Avian influenza and Influenza Pandemics from the Centers for Disease Control plus Prevention

Avian influenza Commonly asked questions from the World Health Group

Avian influenza information on the Food and Agriculture Firm

U.S. Government’s parrot influenza information website

American Centre for Disease Reduction and Control (ECDC) Stockholm, Sweden

General information

Further information: Flu

“The Bird Swine flu and You” Full-color poster provided by the Center with regard to Technology and National Basic safety Policy at the National Safeguard University, in collaboration while using National Security Health Insurance policy Center

Influenza Report ’06 Online book. Research degree quality information. Highly recommended.

Special issue on avian flu from Nature

Nature Stories: Homepage: Avian Flu

Beigel JH, Farrar C, Han AM, et al. (September 2005). “Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection within humans”. N. Engl. J. Med. 353 (15): 137485. doi:10.1056/NEJMra052211. PMID 16192482. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/13/1374. 

Pandemic Influenza: Domestic Preparedness Efforts Congressional Research Support Report on Pandemic Preparedness.

Strategies for bird flu and its signs from BBC Health

A Variety of Parrot Flu Images and Pictures

Parrot flu, bioterror, animals (page in a online book) “Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is on each and every top ten list available for prospective agricultural bioweapon agents”

‘The Threat of Hen Flu’: HealthPolitics.com

Is a Global Swine flu Pandemic Imminent? from Contamination Control Today.

Bird Winter flu is a Real Pandemic Threat in order to Humans by Leonard Crane, author of Ninth Day of Creation.

Links to Bird Flu virus pictures (Hardin MD/Univ of Iowa)

Flu Wiki

Yoshihiro Kawaoka (2006). Influenza Virology: Current Topics. Caister Academic Pr. ISBN 1-904455-06-9. 

Francisco Sobrino; Thomas Mettenleiter (2007). Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology. Caister Educational Pr. ISBN 1-904455-22-0. 

News

Current condition (Google news of parrot OR bird flu And also influenza)

Flu Breaking Media Avian flu, common indication, influenza vaccine and flu picture and latest news

World-wide Pandemic News : 247 online news eats the threat of Small rodent Flu and a Global Pandemic

External links

Influenza Investigation Database Database of influenza genomic sequences and related info.

Viralzone: Influenzavirus A

Health-EU portal EU step to influenza

European Commission * Public Health EU skill on Pandemic (H1N1) 2009

v  d  e

Influenza

General topics

Research * Vaccine – Treatment – Genome sequencing – Reassortment – Superinfection – Season

Influenza viruses

Orthomyxoviridae – Influenza Some sort of – Influenza B ( space ) Influenza C

Influenza The herpes virus

Subtypes

H1N1 – H1N2 – H2N2 – H2N3 – H3N1 – H3N2 – H3N8 – H5N1 * H5N2 – H5N3 – H5N8 – H5N9 ( space ) H7N1 – H7N2 – H7N3 – H7N4 * H7N7 – H9N2 – H10N7

H1N1

       Pandemics

1918 flu virus pandemic (Spanish flu) : 2009 flu pandemic (Swine flu)

Science

2009 A/H1N1

H5N1

Science

Inherited structure – Transmission and infection – Global spread – Clinical Trials – People mortality – Social impression – Pandemic preparation

        Outbreaks

Croatia (2005) – China (2006) – UK (3 years ago) – West Bengal (2008)

Solutions

Antiviral drug

Arbidol – adamantane derivatives (Amantadine, Rimantadine) — neuraminidase inhibitors (Oseltamivir, Laninamivir, Peramivir, Zanamivir)

Experimental (Peramivir)

Flu vaccines

FluMist : Fluzone

Influenza epidemics & pandemics

       Epidemics

Russian flu (18891890) – How to speak spanish flu – Asian flu – Hong Kong flu – 09 flu pandemic

Epidemics

Russian language flu (19771978) – Fujian flu (H3N2)

Non-human

Animals

Canine influenza – Kitten influenza – Equine influenza (2007 Australian outbreak) : Swine influenza

Non-mammals

Avian influenza — Fujian flu (H5N1)

Related

Influenza-like illness

v  d  e

Infectious diseases  Viral diseases (A8034, 042079)

Oncovirus

DNA malware: HBV (Hepatocellular carcinoma)  HPV (Cervical cancer)  Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (Kaposi’s sarcoma)  Epstein-Barr virus (Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma, Main central nervous system lymphoma)  MCPyV (Merkel cell cancer)  SV40

RNA trojan: HCV (Hepatocellular carcinoma)  HTLV-I (Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma)

Immune disorders

Aids (AIDS)

Central

nervous system

Encephalitis/

meningitis

Genetic virus: JCV (Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy)

RNA virus: MeV (Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis)  LCV (Lymphocytic choriomeningitis)  Arbovirus encephalitis  Orthomyxoviridae (most likely) (Encephalitis lethargica)  RV (Rabies)

Myelitis

Poliovirus (Poliomyelitis, Post-polio syndrome)  HTLV-I (Tropical spastic paraparesis)

Eye

Cytomegalovirus (Cytomegalovirus retinitis)  HSV (Herpetic keratitis)

Cardiovascular

CBV (Pericarditis, Myocarditis)

Respiratory

system/

acute virus-like

nasopharyngitis/

viral pneumonia

DNA virus

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV infection/Infectious mononucleosis)  Cytomegalovirus

RNA virus

IV: SARS coronavirus (Severe discerning respiratory syndrome)

V, Orthomyxoviridae: Influenzavirus A/B/C (Influenza/Avian influenza)

V, Paramyxovirus: Human parainfluenza viruses (Parainfluenza)  RSV  hMPV

Gi tract

Oropharynx/Esophagus

MuV (Mumps)  Cytomegalovirus (Cytomegalovirus esophagitis)

Gastroenteritis/

diarrhea

DNA virus: Adenovirus (Adenovirus infections)

RNA virus: Rotavirus  Norovirus  Astrovirus  Coronavirus

Hepatitis

DNA pathogen: HBV (B)

RNA virus: CBV  HAV (A new)  HCV (C)  HDV (D)  HEV (E)  HGV (H)

Pancreatitis

CBV

Skin and

mucous membrane

lesions on the skin,

including exanthem

DNA virus

Herpesviridae

HSV (Genital herpes simplex, Herpetic whitlow)  VZV (Chickenpox, Herpes zoster)  Human herpesvirus 6/Roseolovirus (Exanthema subitum)  KSHV (Kaposi’s sarcoma)  Herpes H Virus

Poxviridae

Variola (Smallpox)  MoxV (Monkeypox)  CV (Cowpox)  VV (Vaccinia)  MCV (Molluscum contagiosum)

Other

Warts (Wart/Plantar wart)  Parvovirus B19 (Erythema infectiosum, Reticulocytopenia)

RNA virus

MeV (Measles)  Rubella virus (Rubella, Congenital rubella predicament)

picornavirus: CAV (Hand, foot and oral cavity disease, Herpangina)  FMDV (Foot-and-mouth disease)

Urogenital

BK virus  MuV (Mumps)

see in addition DNA antivirals, RNA antivirals, Antiretroviral drug

Categories: Dog virology | Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 | Microbiology | Orthomyxoviridae | Zoonoses